11/24/2023 0 Comments Abacus chinese invention![]() ![]() It was a digital mechanical calculator which was called the stepped reckoner as instead of gears it was made of fluted drums. ![]() He improved Pascal's invention to develop this machine. It was developed by a German mathematician-philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz in 1673. An image of this tool is shown below Stepped Reckoner or Leibnitz wheel A series of windows is given on the top of the wheels to read the totals. When a wheel is rotated one revolution, it rotates the neighboring wheel. It was a wooden box with a series of gears and wheels. It could only perform addition and subtraction. Pascal invented this machine to help his father, a tax accountant. It is believed that it was the first mechanical and automatic calculator. It was invented between 16 by a French mathematician-philosopher Biaise Pascal. Pascaline is also known as Arithmetic Machine or Adding Machine. It was also the first machine to use the decimal point. So, the tool became known as "Napier's Bones. In this calculating tool, he used 9 different ivory strips or bones marked with numbers to multiply and divide. It was a manually-operated calculating device which was invented by John Napier (1550-1617) of Merchiston. An image of this tool is shown below Napier's Bones Abacus is still used in some countries like China, Russia and Japan. The beads were moved by the abacus operator according to some rules to perform arithmetic calculations. It was a wooden rack which has metal rods with beads mounted on them. ![]() It is said that Chinese invented Abacus around 4,000 years ago. The history of computer begins with the birth of abacus which is believed to be the first computer. Some of the popular computing devices starting with the first to recent ones are described below Abacus As human mind and technology improved with time more computing devices were developed. They used sticks, stones and bones as counting tools. Other abaci were produced with an interior dividing bar.The chinese suan-pad,introduced about 1200 C.E.,had five beads on one side of the bar and two above.The japanese soroban originally had a five-to-one bead distribution.The russian schety followed the european pattern with ten beads and no bar.The first counting device was used by the primitive people. The easiest type of abacus to understand is the modern western version that uses a base of ten.Here each wire carries ten beads and represents a decadal unit,that is one,ten,100,1,000 and so on.A number,say 617,483, can be represented by positioning the respective number of beads,on each wire,against one side of the is then a relatively easy task to add or subtract another number from the first one.Īfter a calculation,the whole abacus can also be reset for further computing by a simple shake.Ībaci were widely used throughout the ancient world and are still important as a teaching aid in pre-school.The ovement of the beads helps children to understand the groupings of ten that are the foundation of our present number system. The early calculating instrument we know as the abacus-consisting of a wooden frame supporting wires or rods on which wooden beads slide from side to side-was developed in Mesopotamia from a flat,sand-covered,stone counting board on which pebbles were moved.This aid to calculation was in use long before the adioption of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system and can be used to record very large numbers accurately. ![]()
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